![]() Light rays passing through the specimen are slightly retarded, and further retardation takes place in the phase plate. Phase-contrast objectives that have a corresponding phase plate must be used. The specimen is illuminated by a hollow cone of light coming through a phase annulus in the condenser. This technique exploits the fact that light slows slightly when passing through biological specimens. The optical methodology was introduced by Zernicke in 1932. One major advantage is that phase-contrast microscopy can be used with high-resolution objectives, but it requires a specialized condenser and more expensive objectives. Phase-contrast microscopy is a technique used for gaining contrast in a translucent specimen without staining the specimen. Manfred Rohde, in Methods in Microbiology, 2011 4 Phase-contrast microscopy
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